There is a heated debate amongst Jamaicans on whether “patois” (patwah) is a language or an English “dialect”. If you don’t know Jamaican patois (patwah) it definitely sounds like another language. Below is a list of 20 …Generally, Jamaicans speak two languages - English and Jamaican Patois, otherwise known by linguists as Jamaican Creole. Depending on where you are in Jamaica, one may be used more predominantly than … Jamaican. In: Michaelis, Susanne Maria & Maurer, Philippe & Haspelmath, Martin & Huber, Magnus (eds.) The survey of pidgin and creole languages. Volume 1: English-based and Dutch-based Languages. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Lalla, Barbara, and Jean D’Costa. Language in Exile Three Hundred Years of Jamaican Creole. Univ of Alabama Pr, 2009. Jamaican English, that is, Jamaican Standard English is a variety of English spoken in Jamaica. It resembles parts of both British English and American English dialects, along with many aspects of Irish intonation, but typically, it uses the same spellings as found in British English. ... English became the language of prestige and power on the ...360,000,000. Native to: Jamaica, Panama, Costa Rica, Colombia (San Andrés y Providencia). 3,200,000. In the English - Jamaican Creole English dictionary you will find phrases with translations, examples, pronunciation and pictures. Translation is fast and saves you time.The question of whether Jamaican Patois is merely "broken English" often sparks lively debate. At first glance, this language might seem perplexing, with its unique pronunciation, grammar, and vocabulary. However, to dismiss Jamaican Patois as a mere corruption of English would be to overlook its rich history, cultural significance, and …Like many other Caribbean countries, Jamaica’s English-based Creole language developed as a result of the island’s colonial history. Jamaica was colonised first by the Spanish, starting from the … Learning a few patois ( patwah) phrases will go a long way in communicating with Jamaicans. Below is a list of 18 Jamaican Patois phrases translated to English. I Will Be Right Back – Mi Soon Come. To Eat – Nyam. Jamaica – Jamrock, Jamdown, Yard. Jamaican – Yardie, Yard man. Friend – Bredren (male), Sistren (female) Well Done – Big ... Richard Nordquist. Updated on January 16, 2019. Caribbean English is a general term for the many varieties of the English language used in the Caribbean archipelago and on the Caribbean coast of Central America (including Nicaragua, Panama, and Guyana). "In the simplest terms," says Shondel Nero, "Caribbean English is a …On the contrary, Jamaican Standard English is the official language of Jamaica; nevertheless Standard Jamaican English is not spoken as widely as Jamaican …The Atlas of Pidgin and Creole Language Structures states that “during the second half of the seventeenth century, the European population was made up of soldiers, merchants, and colonists from the eastern Caribbean, Ireland, England, and Scotland,” (Farquharson); hence, prior to being imported to Jamaica during Britain’s occupation of ...Jamaican Patois, also known locally as 'patwa' or 'patwah,' is an English-based creole language unique to the island of Jamaica. It's not just how we speak, it's how we feel, how we laugh, how we grieve. It's not just words, it's history, it's rhythm, it's home. See, Jamaican Patois is more than an accent; it's a mix of English, African tongues ...Description. In this course, we will be discussing the origins of Patois and how the language is formulated to make it so unique and exciting. We will be discussing ways in which Patois is different from the English language. This course will also be giving a test at the end of each section to test how well the student is learning and applying ...JAMAICAN ENGLISH, short form JamE. The English language as used in Jamaica. The term is used primarily to refer to the formal speech of educated Jamaicans, but has also been used to refer to JAMAICAN CREOLE in authoritative scholarly works, such as the Dictionary of Jamaican English (1967, 1980). It is the preferred variety of STANDARD …There is a heated debate amongst Jamaicans on whether "patois" (patwah) is a language or an English "dialect". If you don't know Jamaican patois (patwah) it definitely sounds like another language. Below is a list of 20 Essential Jamaican Patois phrases translated to … With this patois translator/patwa translator you will be able to learn Jamaican phrases by translating phrase such as how are you or hello and in due time you will be able to create your own jamaica pharses. By using this tool for sometime you will be able to speak like a jamaican. Currently the best english to jamaican patois translator ... There is a heated debate amongst Jamaicans on whether "patois" (patwah) is a language or an English "dialect". If you don't know Jamaican patois (patwah) it definitely sounds like another language. Below is a list of 20 Essential Jamaican Patois phrases translated to …The thesis presents an in-depth analysis of language variation in Jamaican radio newscasts and talk shows. It explores the interaction of global and local varieties of English with regard to ... We offer a variety of resources: Free online translation from English into Jamaican Patois and back, English-Jamaican Patois dictionary with transcription, pronunciation, and examples of usage. Jamaican Patwah. Mar 5, 2024 · However, greeting a Jamaican in Jamaican Patois will usually make your conversation a lot smoother. “ Wah gwaan „. English Translation: What’s going on or What’s up. Definition Pronounced as “waa gwaan”, the literal translation is “what’s going on” but when used as a greeting, it can also mean “What’s up”. Different ... Because it's based on English. Africans kidnapped and taken to be slaves in plantations owned by British all across the Caribbean etc. Developed their own patois language. Because it is English - not just "based on". It's the accent that …Welcome to my channel! This is Andy from I love languages. Let's learn different languages/dialects together. Please feel free to subscribe to see more of th...Below is a list of 18 Jamaican Patois phrases translated to English. I Will Be Right Back – Mi Soon Come. To Eat – Nyam. Jamaica – Jamrock, Jamdown, Yard. Jamaican – … Jamaica’s official language is English, but we also speak Jamaican or Patois (or Patwa) - a colorful, descriptive and emphatic creole dialect that has been shaped by our African, Spanish, French, Portuguese, and English colonial heritage. A beautiful symbol of our resilience, patois is the crafting of the expressions of a people, forced into ... The accent of Jamaican English is inspired by Irish English, but is overall more Caribbean. Their language is also inspired by African words. If you move to Jamaica as an English speaker, you’ll probably have to do some adjusting to their unique pronunciations! Here is a glossary of many spoken Jamaican terms and slang: A door: OutdoorsNo matter what language you’re studying, it’s always important to memorize pronouns. Thankfully, the Jamaican Patois phrases associated with pronouns and possession shouldn’t be all too hard to learn if you’re a native English speaker. Below are the basic pronouns with the English listed first and the Jamaican Patois second. I : miJamaica’s official language is English, but we also speak Jamaican or Patois (or Patwa) - a colorful, descriptive and emphatic creole dialect that has been shaped by our African, …Welcome to my channel! This is Andy from I love languages. Let's learn different languages/dialects together. Please feel free to subscribe to see more of th...Jamaican English, including Jamaican Standard English, is a variety of English native to Jamaica and is the official language of the country. A distinction exists between …These new sovereign states elected to keep English as an official language. On 22 June 1948, the ship MV Empire Windrush arrived at Tilbury Docks, Essex, bringing workers from Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago and other West Indian islands, as a response to post-war labour shortages in the UK. The Windrush generation, as the Caribbean immigrants ...The accent of Jamaican English is inspired by Irish English, but is overall more Caribbean. Their language is also inspired by African words. If you move to Jamaica as an English speaker, you’ll probably have to do some adjusting to their unique pronunciations! Here is a glossary of many spoken Jamaican terms and slang: A door: OutdoorsJamaican Patois, known locally as Patois (Patwa or Patwah) and called Jamaican Creole by linguists, is an English-based creole language with West African influences. A majority of non-English loan words are of Akan Ashanti origin. Spoken primarily in Jamaica and among the Jamaican diaspora; it is spoken by the majority of Jamaicans as a native ...The Atlas of Pidgin and Creole Language Structures states that “during the second half of the seventeenth century, the European population was made up of soldiers, merchants, and colonists from the eastern Caribbean, Ireland, England, and Scotland,” (Farquharson); hence, prior to being imported to Jamaica during Britain’s occupation of ...Creole languages include varieties that are based on French, such as Haitian Creole, Louisiana Creole, and Mauritian Creole; English, such as Gullah (on the Sea Islands of the southeastern United States), Jamaican Creole, Guyanese Creole, and Hawaiian Creole; and Portuguese, such as Papiamentu (in Aruba, Bonaire, and …The first step to understanding and learning Jamaican Patois is seeing a list of Jamaican Patois phrases and their English translations. The following is a list of popular Jamaican Patois to get you started. Gimme Give me. Mi ah guh let yuh decide I'll let you decide. Mi trust yuh I trust you. Why am mi still here Why am i still here.In Jamaica, the primary language we use is English. Yes, the very same English you might be using to read this. It serves as the official language and is used in formal settings, education, and government communications. However, our English has a unique Jamaican flavor – a distinct rhythm and cadence that makes it undeniably …Linguistics in the Caribbean. Empowerment thr ough creole language a wareness. Silvia Kouwenberg, W innie Anderson-Br own, T erri-Ann. Barrett, Shyrel-A nn Dean, T amirand De Lisser, Hav enol ... To receive a $10, $25 or $50 DISCOUNT, follow the instructions on. Select source language. Submit files (optional; up to 1 GB ea.) Upload a file. Jamaican Translation services company offering high quality professional Jamaican translation at excellent prices. Jamaican translation to or from English. Jamaican Patwah Translator is a free app that contains patois words, definitions, translations and examples. - Works offline. - Fast access and immediate translation. - Translate English to...Tech giants Google, Microsoft and Facebook are all applying the lessons of machine learning to translation, but a small company called DeepL has outdone them all and raised the bar for the field. Its translation tool is just as quick as the outsized competition, but more accurate and nuanced than any we’ve tried. TechCrunch.JAMAICAN ENGLISH, short form JamE. The English language as used in Jamaica. The term is used primarily to refer to the formal speech of educated Jamaicans, but has also been used to refer to JAMAICAN CREOLE in authoritative scholarly works, such as the Dictionary of Jamaican English (1967, 1980). It is the preferred variety of STANDARD …These 80 Jamaican conversational patois sentences cover most of what you will need to get by and learn the language. News. Video. Articles, videos. Best of Jamaica. Music. Food. ... #Jamaican Language. #Language. #Patois. #Patwa. #Patwah. #Speak JA. #speak Jamaican. You may also like. Speak JA. 15 Jamaican Patois Slangs You …This video is all about Jamaican Patois, aka Jamaican Creole, the English-based creole language of Jamaica. Learn a language with native speakers online usin...6 days ago · Foot. Definition. In Jamaican Patois, the term “foot” is used to refer to the legs, ankles or feet. Example Sentences. Patois: Mi bruk mi foot laas week. English: I broke my leg last week. Apr 18, 2024. Join our community. Get exclusive content and stay informed in our Newsletter. The Jamaican language is largely a derivative of Spanish, English and African influences on the country through its colonial history. Although the official language of Jamaica is English, many Jamaicans speak Patois in casual everyday conversation. Here are 15 Jamaican Patois phrases to know and use on your next visit to Jamaica.The thesis presents an in-depth analysis of language variation in Jamaican radio newscasts and talk shows. It explores the interaction of global and local varieties of English with regard to ...Jamaica's main vernacular language is the English-lexified Jamaican Creole called Patwa, a language of ethnic/national identification, largely unintelligible to non-Jamaicans. Patwa, which comprises the basilect and mesolect of a Creole continuum, is not genetically descended from its English or African input languages. The acrolect, Standard …Speaking with a Jamaican accent is merely speaking English while pronouncing the words similarly to how Jamaicans speak patois. Speaking Jamaican patois is a separate language in itself as a …Google's service, offered free of charge, instantly translates words, phrases, and web pages between English and over 100 other languages.This form of English is used in commerce, government, media and education. It’s important to note, however, that Jamaicans are predominantly bilingual and also speak Jamaican Patois (also known as Jamaican Patwa or Creole), which is a combination of English and some African languages. The language has a distinctive rhythmic and melodic quality.Visit our book store to learn more about the Jamaican language and culture. We offer a variety of resources: Language Guides; Puzzles; Journal Notebooks; SHOP NOW. Translate English phrases to Jamaican Patois with our free Patwah Translator Translate. Latest Articles. Jamaican Patois 101: How to Say "Sorry" Like a Jamaican. How to …The language has benefitted from the work of outstanding linguists such as Beryl Loftman Bailey whose book Jamaican Creole Syntax (1966) was the first technical grammar of the language, and Frederic G. Cassidy and Robert B. Le Page’s Dictionary of Jamaican English (DJE), which was the first scholarly dictionary prepared.Definition One of the most popular swear words in Jamaica. Bumbo means bottom, claat is the Jamaican pronunciation of cloth. "Bumboclaat" literally refers to either menstrual pads or toilet paper. it is mostly used as an exclamation of shock, surprise, anger, frustration or for any other intense emotions. Bumboclaat is actually a very vulgar ...Jamaican English. English is the official language of Jamaica, but Jamaicans also speak Jamaican Creole (a distinct language that evolved from English and West African languages like Akan). Just like other regional dialects, Jamaican English has unique features and many of its own rules:Different variations. Bumboclaat is sometimes combine with other Jamaican expletives such as bloodclaat or p**syclaat. For example, bumbo-bloodclaat or bumbo-p**syclaat. The combination of different curse words with bumboclaat is normally used to convey extreme anger. Patois: Bumboclaat! Mi nearly drap. English: Stop calling my …Jamaicanize is a free Jamaican Patois translator to translate English to Jamaican Patwah. Learn Jamaican patois words and phrases like, .English plays a significant role in the development of Jamaican Patois, as it is an English-based Creole language. It’s interesting to note that Patois has evolved over time, becoming increasingly distinct from English while still being influenced by languages like Spanish, Portuguese, and French .Dec 24, 2023 · Over time, Jamaican Patois evolved and became increasingly distinct from the English language. The language was influenced by various other languages, including Spanish, Portuguese, and French. This was partly due to Jamaica's position as a center of international trade and commerce, and the language was influenced by the many different ... The question of whether Jamaican Patois is merely "broken English" often sparks lively debate. At first glance, this language might seem perplexing, with its unique pronunciation, grammar, and vocabulary. However, to dismiss Jamaican Patois as a mere corruption of English would be to overlook its rich history, cultural significance, and …English Translation: Thank You. Definition This is a common way of saying thank you in Jamaica. It is often said with a strong accent and a lot of emphasis on the "yuh" part. "Tanks" is another common way Jamaicans say thank you. It carries a casual and laid-back tone and is often used in informal settings among friends and family.Jamaica is an island country in the Caribbean; it is part of the Greater Antilles. The island, 10,990 square kilometres (4,240 sq mi) in area, lies about 140 kilometres (87 mi) south of Cuba, and 191 kilometres (119 mi) west of Hispaniola. Its capital city is Kingston; other towns include Montego Bay, St. Ann's Bay and Spanish Town.English plays a significant role in the development of Jamaican Patois, as it is an English-based Creole language. It’s interesting to note that Patois has evolved over time, becoming increasingly distinct from English while still being influenced by languages like Spanish, Portuguese, and French .One of the most significant contributions to the Jamaican language was the English language. It became the official language of Jamaica under British rule and was spoken by the elite and educated classes. However, its influence on Jamaican Creole was limited, and the language developed its distinct phonology, grammar, and vocabulary. ...English - Jamaican Patois Translator. Learn and understand Jamaican Patois. Jamaican Patwah is a free online dictionary that contains patois words, definitions, translations, alternative spellings …Jul 12, 2019 · Jamaican Patois, also known as Patwa and Jamaican Creole, is the most widely spoken language in the country. Compared to a reported 50,000 Jamaicans who speak English, there are 2.7 million who speak Jamaican Patois, a type of English creole that arose during the slave trade. A blend of African languages, English, Arawakan (the Aboriginal ... Nov 25, 2023 · Jamaican Patois, often simply referred to as Patois, is a type of creole language spoken in Jamaica essentially it is the unofficial/official Jamaican language. It has its roots in English but has evolved over time, incorporating elements from various African languages, Spanish, Portuguese, and indigenous languages. Although Jamaican is the native and first language of almost the entire population of Jamaica, it takes a number of different forms that fall along a continuum stretching from the basilect (furthest distance from Standard Jamaican English) to the acrolect (closest distance from Standard Jamaican English). Forms all along the middle of this … Currently the best english to jamaican patois translator, translate english to jamaican patois/patwa, learn jamaican patois the easy way. 3. 18 Jamaican Patois Phrases Translated to English - Jamaicans.com Jamaican Patwah Translator is a free app that contains patois words, definitions, translations and examples. - Works offline. - Fast access and immediate translation. - Translate English to Jamaican Patois. - Translate Jamaican Patois to English. - Audio Pronunciations by native speaker.Free online translation from English into Jamaican Patois and back, English-Jamaican Patois dictionary with transcription, pronunciation, and examples of usage. Jamaican …With this patois translator/patwa translator you will be able to learn Jamaican phrases by translating phrase such as how are you or hello and in due time you will be able to create your own jamaica pharses. By using this tool for sometime you will be able to speak like a jamaican. Currently the best english to jamaican patois translator ...Though English is the official language of Jamaica, the majority of Jamaicans speak Jamaican Patois (Otherwise known as Jamaican Patwah/Patwa), an English-based creole language with West …The Jamaican language has had an indelible impact on modern English in the UK, with younger generation liberally sprinkling patois into their everyday conversations. London youths are combining Jamaican patois with traditional “black” street and hip-hop language, cockney elements, and influences from Polish, Turkish, and South Asian influences to …English Translation: Thank You. Definition This is a common way of saying thank you in Jamaica. It is often said with a strong accent and a lot of emphasis on the "yuh" part. "Tanks" is another common way Jamaicans say thank you. It carries a casual and laid-back tone and is often used in informal settings among friends and family.With this patois translator/patwa translator you will be able to learn Jamaican phrases by translating phrase such as how are you or hello and in due time you will be able to create your own jamaica pharses. By …Google's service, offered free of charge, instantly translates words, phrases, and web pages between English and over 100 other languages.This video is all about Jamaican Patois, aka Jamaican Creole, the English-based creole language of Jamaica. Learn a language with native speakers online usin...Creole languages include varieties that are based on French, such as Haitian Creole, Louisiana Creole, and Mauritian Creole; English, such as Gullah (on the Sea Islands of the southeastern United States), Jamaican Creole, Guyanese Creole, and Hawaiian Creole; and Portuguese, such as Papiamentu (in Aruba, Bonaire, and …This video is all about Jamaican Patois, aka Jamaican Creole, the English-based creole language of Jamaica. Learn a language with native speakers online usin...0. English is the Official Language of Jamaica. All sorts of formal compositions in Jamaica are done in English. The system of formal education also uses English as the standard language. Jamaican English is however quite different from Jamaican Creole also considered by the Jamaicans as a kind of English. The …A push is underway to make Jamaica’s Patois an official language, on par with English, as the country weighs cutting ties to the British monarchy. The Jamaican Language Unit at the University of ...This emergence has resulted in a excitingly new and unique language from we call Patois. Pronounced "patwa" it is the native tongue of all Jamaicans, although English (Jamaican English) is the official language. Patios is also referred to as Broken English or Creole. The Patois language is identified by a distinctive accent which is indigenous ...Visit our book store to learn more about the Jamaican language and culture. We offer a variety of resources: Language Guides. Puzzles. Journal Notebooks. SHOP NOW. …Jamaican Patwah Translator is a free app that contains patois words, definitions, translations and examples. - Works offline. - Fast access and immediate translation. - Translate English to Jamaican Patois. - Translate Jamaican Patois to English. - Audio Pronunciations by native speaker.3 days ago · It is actually a combination of English, French, Various West African Languages, Spanish and many others. Jamaican Patois came into existence during slavery when the slaves were denied use of their native tongue and forced to learn English. Up until recently, speaking Jamaican Patois was regarded as “inferior” which is why there is not any ... Biesik Jumiekan: Introduction to Jamaican Language This book, written by Larry Chang, is a Jamaican language primer for native speakers and beginners. Understanding Jamaican Patois: An Introduction to Afro-Jamaican Grammar. This book is written by Emilie L Adams and is a guide that provides an overview of the English …With this patois translator/patwa translator you will be able to learn Jamaican phrases by translating phrase such as how are you or hello and in due time you will be able to create your own jamaica pharses. By using this tool for sometime you will be able to speak like a jamaican. Currently the best english to jamaican patois translator ...Richard Nordquist. Updated on January 16, 2019. Caribbean English is a general term for the many varieties of the English language used in the Caribbean archipelago and on the Caribbean coast of Central America (including Nicaragua, Panama, and Guyana). "In the simplest terms," says Shondel Nero, "Caribbean English is a …
This video is all about Jamaican Patois, aka Jamaican Creole, the English-based creole language of Jamaica. Learn a language with native speakers online usin.... Rsa token securid
Linguistics in the Caribbean. Empowerment thr ough creole language a wareness. Silvia Kouwenberg, W innie Anderson-Br own, T erri-Ann. Barrett, Shyrel-A nn Dean, T amirand De Lisser, Hav enol ...Jamaican Patois, also known as Jamaican Creole, is a fascinating English-based Creole language. While English is the official language of Jamaica, Patois remains a distinct linguistic flavor that captures the island’s spirit. When you’re chatting with locals or listening to them speak, you’ll learn that it is much more than a unique ...Topics specifically discussed include the functions of English and Creole (Patois) in the society and attitudes to these varieties, the origins, development and present state of English in Jamaica, the role of language in education and various proposals for taking Creole into account in classroom teaching.You’re here because you’ve heard Jamaican Patwa either through friends, through Jamaican music, or through traveling to Jamaica and interacting with the locals… AND you liked how it sounds. So I’ve decided to create this guide of some common English phrases translated to Jamaican patwa so you can learn a little piece of the language. We offer a variety of resources: Free online translation from English into Jamaican Patois and back, English-Jamaican Patois dictionary with transcription, pronunciation, and examples of usage. Jamaican Patwah. These new sovereign states elected to keep English as an official language. On 22 June 1948, the ship MV Empire Windrush arrived at Tilbury Docks, Essex, bringing workers from Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago and other West Indian islands, as a response to post-war labour shortages in the UK. The Windrush generation, as the Caribbean immigrants ... With this patois translator/patwa translator you will be able to learn Jamaican phrases by translating phrase such as how are you or hello and in due time you will be able to create your own jamaica pharses. By using this tool for sometime you will be able to speak like a jamaican. Currently the best english to jamaican patois translator ...Learn how to translate from Jamaican to English with this online tool. Understand the meaning and usage of Jamaican patois words and phrases.Welcome to my channel! This is Andy from I love languages. Let's learn different languages/dialects together. Please feel free to subscribe to see more of th...Definition One of the most popular swear words in Jamaica. Bumbo means bottom, claat is the Jamaican pronunciation of cloth. "Bumboclaat" literally refers to either menstrual pads or toilet paper. it is mostly used as an exclamation of shock, surprise, anger, frustration or for any other intense emotions. Bumboclaat is actually a very vulgar ... Learning a few patois ( patwah) phrases will go a long way in communicating with Jamaicans. Below is a list of 18 Jamaican Patois phrases translated to English. I Will Be Right Back – Mi Soon Come. To Eat – Nyam. Jamaica – Jamrock, Jamdown, Yard. Jamaican – Yardie, Yard man. Friend – Bredren (male), Sistren (female) Well Done – Big ... He highlighted a survey from 2005 that showed 70% of Jamaicans were in favour of having bilingual schools that teach in standard English and Patois, a dramatic switch from the 1950s when the ...Definition One of the most popular swear words in Jamaica. Bumbo means bottom, claat is the Jamaican pronunciation of cloth. "Bumboclaat" literally refers to either menstrual pads or toilet paper. it is mostly used as an exclamation of shock, surprise, anger, frustration or for any other intense emotions. Bumboclaat is actually a very vulgar ...Jamaica's informal language is commonly referred to as Jamaican Patwa or Jamaican Patois. This language is a blend of English, West African languages, and various other influences. It is widely spoken by the people of Jamaica and is often used in informal settings, such as in music, literature, and everyday conversations.English - Jamaican Patois Translator. Learn and understand Jamaican Patois. Jamaican Patwah is a free online dictionary that contains patois words, definitions, translations, alternative spellings …English Translation: Thank You. Definition This is a common way of saying thank you in Jamaica. It is often said with a strong accent and a lot of emphasis on the "yuh" part. "Tanks" is another common way Jamaicans say thank you. It carries a casual and laid-back tone and is often used in informal settings among friends and family. 360,000,000. Native to: Jamaica, Panama, Costa Rica, Colombia (San Andrés y Providencia). 3,200,000. In the English - Jamaican Creole English dictionary you will find phrases with translations, examples, pronunciation and pictures. Translation is fast and saves you time. The Anglophone Caribbean (the 19 territories where English is an official language) is home to around six million people, most of whom speak a variety of Creole as a first language and acquire Standard British English in the formal education system. Standard British English in the Caribbean is mainly used in writing and formal contexts, while ....